Example 1: Morphological and Lexical Ambiguity in S-Cr
|
morphonym |
canonic form |
morphological description |
|
kose |
kos ‘blackbird’ |
vocative,singular,masculine,noun |
|
kose |
kos ‘slanted’ |
genitive,singular,feminine,adjective |
|
kose |
kos ‘slanted’ |
accusative,plural,feminine,adjective |
|
kose |
kos ‘slanted’ |
vocative,plural,feminine,adjective |
|
kose |
kos ‘slanted’ |
nominative,plural,feminine,adjective |
|
kose |
kosa ‘hair/scythe’ |
genitive,singular,feminine,noun |
|
kose |
kosa ‘hair/scythe’ |
nominative,plural,feminine,noun |
|
kose |
kosa ‘hair/scythe’ |
accusative,plural,feminine,noun |
|
kose |
kosa ‘hair/scythe’ |
vocative,plural,feminine,noun |
|
kose |
kositi ‘scythe’ |
3rd person,plural,present,verb,affirmative |
Example 2: Wider spread of inflectional markers in S-Cr than in English
|
Adjective |
Noun |
|
||
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Sigular |
Plural |
|
|
Serbo-Croatian |
visok |
visoki |
profesor |
profesori |
|
|
English |
tall |
tall |
professor |
professors |
|
Example 3: Different morphosyntactic markers in S-Cr and in English
|
Serbo-Croatian: |
Govorim Marku. |
Pijem vodu. |
|
|
verb noun-Dat.Sg. |
verb noun-Acc.Sg. |
|
English: |
I am talking to Marko. |
I am drinking water. |
|
|
pronoun verb preposition noun |
pronoun (S) verb (V) noun (O) |
Example 4: Complex and unpredicatable repertoires of inflectional endings in S-Cr
|
Singular |
Example |
Plural 5 7 |
Example |
|
Nom. |
-0 8 |
automobil, sat, zec, vojnik, kralj, deo |
-i 3 |
automobili, satovi, delovi zečevi, vojnici, kraljevi |
|
Gen. |
-a |
automobila, sata, zeca, vojnika, kralja, dela |
-a |
automobila, satova, zečeva, vojnika, kraljeva, delova |
|
Dat. |
-u |
automobilu, satu, zecu, vojniku, kralju, dela |
-ima 3 |
automobilima, satovima, zečevima, vojnicima, kraljevima, delovima |
|
Acc. |
-0 2 8 -a |
automobil, voz, deo zeca, vojnika, kralja |
-e |
automobile, satove, delove, zečeve, vojnike, kraljeve |
|
Voc. |
-e 4 6 -u |
autmobile, sate, dele zeče, vojniče, kralju |
-i 3 |
automobili, satovi, delovi zečevi, vojnici, kraljevi |
|
Ins. |
-om 1 -em |
automobilom, satom, zecom, vojnikom, delom, kraljem |
-ima 3 |
automobilima, satovima, delovima, zečevima, vojnicima, kraljevima |
|
Loc. |
-u |
automobilu, satu, zecu, vojniku, kralju,,delu |
-ima 3 |
automobilima, satovima, delovima, zečevima, vojnicima, kraljevima |
Alternations:
1. hard stem: -o... vs. soft stem: -e...
vojnikom ‘with soldier’, stolom ‘with table’
kraljem ‘with king’
2. animate: -a vs. inanimate -0
Vidim vojnika. ‘I see a soldier.’
Vidim stol. ‘I see a table’
3. Alternation k,g,h:c,z,s
k vs. c:
vojnik ‘soldier’:vojnici ‘soldiers’,vojnicima ‘to soldiers’
g vs. z:
podvig ‘heroic act’:podvizi ‘heroic acts’, podvizima ‘to heroic acts’
h vs. s: monarh ‘monarch’:monarsi ‘monarchs’,monarsima ‘to monarchs’
4. Hard stem –e and alternation k,g,h:č,ž,š
k vs. č: vojnik ‘soldier’:vojniče ‘hey, soldier’
g vs. ž: vrag ‘devil’:vraže ‘hey, devil’
h vs. š: duh ‘ghost’:duše ‘hey, ghost’
Soft stem -u
5. one syllable, hard stem: interfix -ov- stol ‘table’: stolovi ‘tables’
one syllable, soft stem: interfix -ev- kralj ‘king’: kraljevi ‘kings’
more than two syllables: interfix -0- kaput ‘coat’: kaput0i ‘coats
6. Alternation c,z:č,ž
c vs. č: zec ‘hare’:zeče ‘hey, hare’
7. If interfix –ev-, then alternation c:č
c vs. č: zec ‘hare’:zečevi ‘hares’
8. Alternation o:l
o vs. l: deo ‘part’:dela ‘of part’
Example 5: Unpredictable word order in S-Cr
English: SVO Peter (S) hit (V) Paul (O) vs.
S-Cr:
SVO Petar (S) je udario (v) Pavla (O)
VSO Udario je (V) Petar (S) Pavla (O)
VOS Udario je (V) Pavla (O) Petar (O)
OVS Pavla (O) je udario (V) Petar (V)
Example 6: Syntactic pitfalls in Slavic
|
Category |
Explanation |
Example |
|
Contained subject |
Due to the pro-drop feature in Slavic languages, there is no nominal element but the properties of the subject can be inferred from the verb form |
Radim u kući. |
|
Coordinated subjects |
Two subjects are coordinated with one predicate. This is signaled by certain conjunctions (e.g. S-Cr „i”) and constructions (e.g. Russian Nom + с + Ins) |
Oтец с матерью ушли, Otac i majka su otišli |
|
Non-nominal subjects |
In clauses where there is a be-predicate, in the subject position ca be infinitive, adverb, or any other canonical form of any part of speech |
Raditi je glupo. |
|
Subject inversion |
In certain focus/topic distribution configurations subject can be after the predicate. |
Marka je udario Petar. (a ne ja) |
|
Homonymous subject |
There are some cases where two forms can be understood as subjects |
Zemljotres je srušio grad. |
|
No-subject situations |
One number of constructions does not have a subject. |
Grmi. Zuji mi u ušima. |
Example 7: Long and intricate sentences in S-Cr
Пошто је током осамдесетих година утврђена таква реторика "краја" (а она је укључивала и крај уметности), поставља се питање да ли смо сасвим схватили поуке осамдесетих, или смо ово време, повезујући га и даље са проблематиком постмодернизма, разумели буквално, односно ван метафоричног склопа који је испуњавао како њен уметнички простор, тако и простор њеног теоријског, односно дискурзивног поља у којем се артикулисао велики епистемолошки обрт.