Example 1: Morphological and Lexical Ambiguity in S-Cr

 

morphonym

canonic form

morphological description

kose

kos ‘blackbird’

vocative,singular,masculine,noun

kose

kos ‘slanted’

genitive,singular,feminine,adjective

kose

kos ‘slanted’

accusative,plural,feminine,adjective

kose

kos ‘slanted’

vocative,plural,feminine,adjective

kose

kos ‘slanted’

nominative,plural,feminine,adjective

kose

kosa ‘hair/scythe’

genitive,singular,feminine,noun

kose

kosa ‘hair/scythe’

nominative,plural,feminine,noun

kose

kosa ‘hair/scythe’

accusative,plural,feminine,noun

kose

kosa ‘hair/scythe’

vocative,plural,feminine,noun

kose

kositi ‘scythe’

3rd person,plural,present,verb,affirmative

 

Example 2: Wider spread of inflectional markers in S-Cr than in English

 

 

Adjective

Noun

 

 

Singular

Plural

Sigular

Plural

Serbo-Croatian

visok

visoki

profesor

profesori

English

tall

tall

professor

professors

 

Example 3: Different morphosyntactic markers in S-Cr and in English

 

Serbo-Croatian:

Govorim Marku.

Pijem vodu.

 

verb noun-Dat.Sg.

verb noun-Acc.Sg.

English:

 I am talking to Marko.

I am drinking water.

 

pronoun verb preposition noun

pronoun (S) verb (V) noun (O)

 

Example 4: Complex and unpredicatable repertoires of inflectional endings in S-Cr

 

 

Singular

Example

Plural 5 7

Example

Nom.

-0 8

automobil, sat,

zec, vojnik, kralj, deo

-i 3

automobili, satovi, delovi

zečevi, vojnici, kraljevi

Gen.

-a

automobila, sata,

zeca, vojnika, kralja, dela

-a

automobila, satova,

zečeva, vojnika, kraljeva, delova

Dat.

-u

automobilu, satu,

zecu, vojniku, kralju, dela

-ima 3

automobilima, satovima, zečevima, vojnicima, kraljevima, delovima

Acc.

-0 2 8

    -a

automobil, voz, deo

zeca, vojnika, kralja

-e

automobile, satove, delove, zečeve, vojnike, kraljeve

Voc.

-e 4 6

    -u

autmobile, sate, dele

zeče, vojniče, kralju

-i 3

automobili, satovi, delovi

zečevi, vojnici, kraljevi

Ins.

-om 1

-em

automobilom, satom,

zecom, vojnikom, delom, kraljem

-ima 3

automobilima, satovima, delovima, zečevima, vojnicima, kraljevima

Loc.

-u

automobilu, satu,

zecu, vojniku, kralju,,delu

-ima 3

automobilima, satovima, delovima, zečevima, vojnicima, kraljevima

 

Alternations:

 

1. hard stem:  -o... vs. soft stem:   -e...

    vojnikom ‘with soldier’, stolom ‘with table’

    kraljem ‘with king’

2. animate: -a  vs. inanimate -0

   Vidim vojnika. ‘I see a soldier.’

   Vidim stol. ‘I see a table’

3. Alternation k,g,h:c,z,s

   k vs. c:

   vojnik ‘soldier’:vojnici ‘soldiers’,vojnicima ‘to soldiers’

   g vs. z:

   podvig ‘heroic act’:podvizi ‘heroic acts’, podvizima ‘to heroic acts’

   h vs. s: monarh ‘monarch’:monarsi ‘monarchs’,monarsima ‘to monarchs’

4. Hard stem –e and alternation k,g,h:č,ž,š

   k vs. č: vojnik ‘soldier’:vojniče ‘hey, soldier’

   g vs. ž: vrag ‘devil’:vraže ‘hey, devil’

   h vs. š: duh ‘ghost’:duše ‘hey, ghost’

   Soft stem -u

5. one syllable, hard stem: interfix -ov- stol ‘table’: stolovi ‘tables’

    one syllable, soft stem:  interfix -ev- kralj ‘king’: kraljevi ‘kings’

    more than two syllables: interfix -0-  kaput ‘coat’: kaput0i ‘coats

6. Alternation c,z:č,ž

   c vs. č: zec ‘hare’:zeče ‘hey, hare’

7. If interfix –ev-, then alternation c:č

   c vs. č: zec ‘hare’:zečevi ‘hares’

8. Alternation o:l

   o vs. l: deo ‘part’:dela ‘of part’

 

Example 5: Unpredictable word order in S-Cr

 

English: SVO Peter (S) hit (V) Paul (O) vs.

S-Cr:

SVO Petar (S) je udario (v) Pavla (O)

VSO Udario je (V) Petar (S) Pavla (O)

VOS Udario je (V) Pavla (O) Petar (O)

OVS Pavla (O) je udario (V) Petar (V)

 

Example 6: Syntactic pitfalls in Slavic

Category

Explanation

Example

Contained subject

Due to the pro-drop feature in Slavic languages, there is no nominal element but the properties of the subject can be inferred from the verb form

Radim u kući.

Coordinated subjects

Two subjects are coordinated with one predicate. This is signaled by certain conjunctions (e.g. S-Cr „i”) and constructions (e.g. Russian Nom + с + Ins)

Oтец с матерью ушли, Otac i majka su otišli

Non-nominal subjects

In clauses where there is a be-predicate, in the subject position ca be infinitive, adverb, or any other canonical form of any part of speech

Raditi je glupo.

Subject inversion

In certain focus/topic distribution configurations subject can be after the predicate.

Marka je udario Petar.

(a ne ja)

Homonymous subject

There are some cases where two forms can be understood as subjects

Zemljotres je srušio grad.

No-subject situations

One number of constructions does not have a subject.

Grmi. Zuji mi u ušima.

 

Example 7: Long and intricate sentences in S-Cr

 

Пошто је током осамдесетих година утврђена таква реторика "краја" (а она је укључивала и крај уметности), поставља се питање да ли смо сасвим схватили поуке осамдесетих, или смо ово време, повезујући га и даље са проблематиком постмодернизма, разумели буквално, односно ван метафоричног склопа који је испуњавао како њен уметнички простор, тако и простор њеног теоријског, односно дискурзивног поља у којем се артикулисао велики епистемолошки обрт.